November 2025 The Monthly Magazine of the SOUTH AFRICAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION Die Maandblad van die SUID-AFRIKAANSE VETERINÊRE VERENIGING Infectious Bronchitis (IB) in Poultry CPD THEME Men's Health nuus•news Access to CPD Articles: https://www.sava.co.za/vetnews-2025/ VET
Dagboek • Diary Ongoing / Online 2025 SAVETCON: Webinars Info: Corné Engelbrecht, SAVETCON, 071 587 2950, corne@savetcon.co.za / https://app.livestorm.co/svtsos Acupuncture – Certified Mixed Species Course Info: Chi University: https://chiu.edu/courses/cva#aboutsouthafrica@tcvm.com SAVA Johannesburg Branch CPD Events Monthly - please visit the website for more info. Venue: Johannesburg Country Club Info: Vetlink - https://savaevents.co.za/ February 2026 March 2026 June 2026 September 2026 SAEVA Congress 2026 19 - 22 February Venue: Champagne Sports Resort, Drakensberg, KwaZulu Natal Info: https://vetlink.co.za/saeva-congress-2026/ Wildlife Group of the SAVA Congress 2026 12 - 14 March Venue: 26° South Hotel , Muldersdrift, Gauteng Info: https://vetlink.co.za/wildlife-group-2026/ NVCG: The Veterinary Masterclass: Neurology 17 - 18 March Venue: Cape Town Chrystal Towers, Century City 19 - 20 March Venue: Johannesburg, Midrand Premier Hotel Vetlink: https://vetlink.co.za/nvcg-roadshow-march/ or +27 12 346 1590 13th Int Crustacean Society Mid-Year Meeting 01-04 June Venue: STIAS – Stellenbosch Info: https://tcs2026.com/ RuVASA Congress 2026 08 - 10 June Venue: Champagne Sports Resort, Drakensberg, KZN Info: https://vetlink.co.za/ruvasa-congress-2026/ NVCG: The Vet Masterclass: Medicine & Dermatology 19 - 20 September Venue:Johannesburg, Midrand Premier Hotel 21 - 22 September Venue: Cape Town Chrystal Towers, Century City Vetlink: https://vetlink.co.za/nvcg-roadshow-dermmed/ or +27 12 346 1590 13th Biennial SAVA & Para-Veterinary Congress September (date to be confirmed) Venue: to be confirmed (Gauteng) Info: corne@savetcon.co.za This congress is not yet listed on the website as too little information is available at the moment. Watch this space for more information. SAAVT Biennial Congress 30 September - 01 October Venue: Krystal Beach Hotel – Gordon’s Bay Info: conference@savetcon.co.za
Vetnuus | November 2025 1 Contents I Inhoud President: Dr Ziyanda Qwalela president@sava.co.za Interim General Manager: Ms Sonja Ludik sonja@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 Editor VetNews: Ms Andriette van der Merwe vetnews@sava.co.za Accounts / Bookkeeping: Ms Shaye Hughes accounts@sava.co.za/+27 (0)12 346 1150 Reception: Ms Hanlie Swart reception@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 Marketing & Communications: Ms Sonja van Rooyen marketing@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 Membership Enquiries: Ms Debbie Breeze debbie@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 Vaccination Booklets: Ms Debbie Breeze debbie@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 South African Veterinary Foundation: Ms Debbie Breeze savf@sava.co.za/ +27 (0)12 346 1150 Community Veterinary Clinics: Ms Claudia Cloete manager@savacvc.co.za/ +27 (0)63 110 7559 SAVETCON: Ms Corné Engelbrecht corne@savetcon.co.za/ +27 (0)71 587 2950 VetNuus is die amptelike publikasie van die Suid Afrikaanse Veterinêre Vereeniging (SAVV). Alle regte word voorbehou. Geen deel van hierdie publikasie mag aangehaal, gedupliseer, versprei of aan die publiek beskikbaar gestel word in enige vorm sonder die uitdruklike skriftelike toestemming van die SAVV nie.Hierdie publikasie is uitsluitelik bedoel vir veearts en veearts verwante professionele persone soos deur die Suid Afriaanse Veterinêre Raad erken word. Wyl alles moontlik gedoen word om om die akkuraatheid van die inhoud te verseker, aanvaar nie die redaksie, SAVV of enige van die personeel, lede, werknemers of agente enige regsaanspreeklikheid vir enige verlies, skade of bevooroordeeldheid, hetsy direk of indirek, wat mag spruit uit enige stelling, feit, opinie, advertensie of aanbeveling hierin gepubliseer. Enige advertensie of verwysing na n spesifieke produk is toevallig en word nie noodwending onderskryf of aanbeveel deur die SAVV nie. VetNews is the official publication of the South African Veterinary Association (SAVA). All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be quoted, reproduced, distributed, or made publicly available in any form or by any means without the prior express written consent of SAVA. This publication is intended solely for veterinarians and paraveterinary professionals as recognised by the South African Veterinary Council. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the content, neither the editorial board, SAVA, nor any of its office bearers, members, employees, or agents shall be held liable for any loss, damage, or prejudice, whether direct or consequential, arising from any statement, fact, opinion, advertisement, or recommendation published herein. The inclusion of advertising or reference to specific products or services does not imply endorsement by SAVA. STREET ADDRESS 47 Gemsbok Ave, Monument Park, Pretoria, 0181, South Africa POSTAL ADDRESS P O Box 25033, Monument Park Pretoria, 0105, South Africa TELEPHONE +27 (0)12 346-1150 FAX General: +27 (0) 86 683 1839 Accounts: +27 (0) 86 509 2015 WEB www.sava.co.za CHANGE OF ADDRESS Please notify the SAVA by email: debbie@sava.co.za or letter: SAVA, P O Box 25033, Monument Park, Pretoria, 0105, South Africa CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS (Text to a maximum of 80 words) Sonja van Rooyen assistant@sava.co.za +27 (0)12 346 1150 DISPLAY ADVERTISEMENTS Sonja van Rooyen assistant@sava.co.za +27 (0)12 346 1150 DESIGN AND LAYOUT Sonja van Rooyen PRINTED BY Business Print: +27 (0)12 843 7638 VET Diary / Dagboek II Dagboek • Diary Regulars / Gereeld 2 From the President 4 Editor’s notes / Redakteurs notas Articles / Artikels 8 Six Health Problems Faced by Men Today 12 Do Men Get Breast Cancer? The Facts You Should Know 14 Ameliorative Potential of Alcoholic Ginseng Extract on IbuprofenInduced Reproductive Toxicity In Male Rats 20 Time series analysis of urethral obstruction in male cats in a veterinary teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil Association / Vereniging 28 Member Consultation Poll: Impasse on the Constitution of the SAVC 30 SAVA News 40 In Memoriam Vet's Health / Gesondheid 43 Life Coaching Technical / Tegnies 44 Dental Column Marketplace / Markplein 46 Marketplace Jobs / Poste 47 Jobs / Poste 48 Classifieds / Snuffeladvertensies 8 14 Click on the image to access Vetnews CPD articles « nuus•news 47
Vetnews | November 2025 2 « BACK TO CONTENTS As we approach the close of 2025, November offers an important opportunity for reflection, to recognise how far we have come as a profession, and to reaffirm our shared purpose in advancing animal health, food safety, and public trust in our profession. This is especially important after the last few months. The results of the poll on the constitution of the SAVC are contained in this issue. I thank all colleagues who took the time to participate in the poll on the transport of animals destined for slaughter by sea. It was clear from the results that SAVA members overwhelmingly believed dialogue between the parties was necessary to resolve the issue – A sentiment I believe was also echoed by the judge at the recent court hearing. The judgment affirming the proper constitution and functioning of the South African Veterinary Council (SAVC) marks a crucial step toward institutional stability and good governance. We trust that the Council will now be constituted in accordance with the court order, thereby restoring the full legitimacy and functionality of the South African Veterinary Council. We look forward to the Council resuming its vital regulatory and governance duties. This outcome re-centres the principles of accountability, transparency, and inclusivity that underpin both our regulatory and representative institutions. I believe that the new councillors will build on the foundations laid in creating an inclusive sector united in purpose. I also trust that the divisive elements within the profession will subside and allow us to collectively focus on the things that matter — the advancement of veterinary science, the welfare of animals, and the service we provide to society. Across the country, veterinarians continue to demonstrate resilience and professionalism in the face of major disease and publichealth challenges. The ongoing Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) control efforts in Gauteng and other provinces reflect the need for veterinarians to continue to act ethically and professionally in the interest of the country. This and collaboration in good faith between State Veterinarians, Animal Health Technicians, private practitioners, and producers remains our strongest defence against transboundary animal diseases. As we look ahead, the implementation of the Animal Health Act is looming, as indicated by the National Department of Agriculture earlier this month. This act will replace the Animal Diseases Act, and it is thus important for SAVA members to comment on the regulations and the Act as the opportunity arises. This process will likely usher in a new era for animal-health governance in South Africa, reshaping responsibilities for provincial veterinary services, veterinary and paraveterinary professionals, producers, and regulators alike. SAVA will continue to engage constructively with the National Department of Agriculture and other partners to ensure that the new regulatory framework supports effective disease control, fair compliance expectations, and the sustainability of veterinary services. In the past month, we attended the much-awaited WVA Vet-VPP Collaboration Workshop. This workshop was sponsored by the WVA in response to concerns raised by veterinarians in the countries where an FAO initiative to empower Veterinary Para Professionals (VPPs) - Animal Health Technicians, in the case of South Africa - to open sustainable independent practices. At the workshop, it became clear that more effort needs to be put into collaboration with Para-veterinary professions in building the veterinary team and strengthening our One Health approach. The journey ahead calls for renewed commitment, open communication, and partnership. At the workshop, SAVA, with representatives from the NVCG and RuVASA, represented the veterinarians, and the Animal Health Technicians were represented by SAAHT. Both parties agreed to get a mandate from their respective associations and formalise collaboration through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with SAAAHT and other professional associations. Possible areas of collaboration identified are: • Championing One Health and One Veterinary Team principles as the foundation of all professional activities and partnerships. • Promoting joint training, research, and advocacy platforms to strengthen technical depth and responsiveness in the field. • Advocating for sustainable veterinary service delivery that supports both animal health and livelihoods. As I noted in my presentation at this workshop, which rings true with every relationship SAVA has, relationships are built — and sustained — by the people and institutions that nurture them. As we move forward, let us continue to work together with purpose, humility, and integrity, building a profession that serves not only animals and farmers but also the public and the generations to come. Lastly, we look forward to the SAVA AGM on 22 November 2025. Members are encouraged to participate and have their voices heard. I hope to see an unprecedented turnout this year. I trust that members have had a fruitful year, and as we approach the close of 2025, may we all find renewed purpose and pride in the vital role we play in society. v Groetnis! Ziyanda From the President Dear members, Almost at the end!
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Vetnews | November 2025 4 « BACK TO CONTENTS A very Powerful statement indeed, but when broken down, what does it actually mean? Healthy personal and lifestyle habits rest on knowing yourself. Developing self-awareness and self-regulation helps to manage stress and recognise early signs of mental or physical health issues; regular physical activity, a balanced diet, adequate sleep (7-9 hours), and stress management techniques (like mindfulness or hobbies); and regular physical check-ups and age-appropriate screenings (e.g., for prostate cancer, high blood pressure, cholesterol). To achieve optimum health, it is important that the health system is accessible and culturally sensitive to men’s needs. This includes male-specific health centres and services that proactively engage men and boys in their health. Therapists and counsellors, particularly those specialising in men’s issues, can provide effective, structured, and goal-oriented support. Normalising the conversation about therapy and offering discreet options (like telehealth) can reduce the stigma associated with seeking help. Employers can help by promoting mental health awareness, offering Employee Assistance Programs, training managers to spot concerns, and creating men’s health Employee Resource Groups. To achieve these goals, support is needed. This support is rooted in nurturing relationships with family, friends, and partners. Strong social ties reduce stress, combat loneliness, and improve overall health outcomes. Formal and informal peer groups, such as men’s support groups, sports clubs, or volunteer organisations, offer a non-judgmental “male-friendly” space where men can connect over shared interests and experiences. These environments allow men to talk “shoulder to shoulder” and share vulnerabilities without fear of judgment. Creating environments where openness is modelled and met with empathy, rather than the expectation to “toughen up,” is crucial. Activity-based conversations, such as during a walk or while working on a project, can often be more comfortable for men than formal face-to-face discussions. In every workplace, there are men. This month, Vetnews places the spotlight on the health of male colleagues. Just the next month after breast cancer month, a disease many people still believe can only happen to women, but it does occur in men as well. We have a look at what the symptoms are. Other, more common malerelated diseases are also touched on. Let us be the men who do not sweep a nagging feeling or symptom under the carpet, may we be the colleagues who pay attention to our male colleagues and lend a helping hand or willing ear, may we be the partners who look after the men in our lives, whose lives may depend on it. November is the height of the silly season, but also the time when a lot of travelling is planned and done. Please travel safely, practice safe social behaviour and take care. Andriette v From the Editor Editor’s notes / Redakteurs notas Critical support structures for men's health encompass a mix of personal, social, and professional elements that provide physical, mental, and emotional support while helping to break down traditional masculine stereotypes that hinder help-seeking. 24-Hour Toll-Free Helpline: 0800 212121
Vetnuus | November 2025 5 Support their appetite for life with Hill’s Science Plan Hypoallergenic, a gentle, science-led recipe crafted for pets with food sensitivities. High-quality Salmon as the only intact animal protein source. 1 Gentle on the stomach with potatoes and other easy-to-digest ingredients. 2 With essential omega-3 & -6 fatty acids for healthy skin nourishment. 3 Made without grain, as it’s often perceived by pet parents as a sensitivity trigger. 4 don’t let sensitivity stand in their way V35175, V35183, V35187, V35199 © Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. 2025 MONOPROTEI N ANI MAL
SAEVA CONGRESS 2026 Call for Abstracts GUIDELINES: The abstract must be a complete but concise synopsis of the content that will be both informative and useful to the potential audience. The format for the abstracts is flexible, but should contain a clear objective, methods and results (where applicable) and a logical conclusion. Two independent people will review abstracts and successful authors will be notified within two weeks following the deadline fro submission. Authors must accept the terms and conditions for speakers. Abstracts that do not comply with the following format will be returned to the authors for corrections: Must be in English Abstracts may not exceed 350 words. Must clearly indicate the author’s name. Write names of authors in the order of last names and asterisk (*) the person who will be the presenter. Must clearly indicate the organization (name and location of institution, clinic, practice etc). If the affiliation of co-workers differs, indicate the names and affiliations by corresponding numbers (Superscripts). Must contain a list of references. Deadline: 30 November 2025 https://vetlink.co.za/saeva-congress-2026/ Champagne Sports Resort Drakensberg KwaZulu Natal 19-22 February 2026 Save the Date
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Vetnews | November 2025 8 « BACK TO CONTENTS Six Health Problems Faced by Men Today Men’s health is an often-neglected aspect of overall well-being, with many men waiting too long to seek help for medical concerns. By the time symptoms become severe, early intervention opportunities may have been missed. Recognising common health problems in men and addressing them through preventative care is crucial to ensuring long-term health and vitality. In the following article, explore six common men’s health issues, including their symptoms and prevention, and the importance of regular health screening for men. Heart Disease in Men Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death among men worldwide, accounting for a significant proportion of male fatalities. The disease often manifests through the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. This can result in serious events such as heart attacks or strokes. Risk factors for heart disease Several factors contribute to the development of heart disease in men. These include high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can significantly elevate the risk. Men are often more prone to these habits, which increases their vulnerability to cardiovascular issues. Symptoms to look out for The most common symptom of heart disease in men is chest pain or discomfort, often described as pressure, squeezing or a burning sensation. This may be accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea or lightheadedness. In severe cases, a heart attack may occur, causing more pronounced symptoms such as intense chest pain, pain radiating down the arm or difficulty breathing. Prevention Preventative care for men is critical in reducing the risk of heart disease. Regular physical activity, a balanced diet that is low in saturated fats and quitting smoking can all help improve cardiovascular health. Routine check-ups, including monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels, are also vital for early detection and management.
Vetnuus | November 2025 9 Leading Article Prostate Health Concerns As men age, prostate health becomes an increasing concern. The prostate gland, part of the male reproductive system, often enlarges as men get older. This can lead to benign conditions, but it could also raise the risk of prostate cancer – one of the most common cancers in men. Common prostate issues Two major prostate health concerns are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. BPH refers to an enlarged prostate, which can obstruct the flow of urine and cause discomfort. Symptoms include frequent urination, difficulty starting urination and incomplete emptying of the bladder. Prostate cancer, on the other hand, can develop silently and may only be detected through routine screening. Symptoms to be aware of In its early stages, prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, men may experience difficulties urinating, blood in the urine or pain in the lower back and pelvic area. It is important for men, particularly those over the age of 50, to undergo regular prostate health screenings. Preventative measures Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, can help support prostate health. Regular screening is essential, particularly for men with a family history of prostate cancer. Early detection through screenings like the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test can dramatically improve outcomes. Mental Health in Men Men’s mental health is often under-discussed, leading to the underreporting and undertreatment of mental health issues. Many men may feel societal pressure to maintain a façade of strength and may be reluctant to express emotional vulnerability, which can prevent them from seeking help. Common mental health issues in men Depression, anxiety and stress are some of the most common mental health issues in men. Men are more likely to manifest these conditions through physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and gastrointestinal problems. Unlike women, who may express sadness openly, men are more likely to exhibit irritability, anger or withdrawal from social activities. Substance abuse is also a significant concern among men facing mental health challenges, as some turn to alcohol or drugs as a coping mechanism. This can compound the problem and lead to more severe health risks for men. Recognising the signs Recognising the symptoms of mental health problems in men is crucial. Persistent feelings of hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite and fatigue may indicate depression. Anxiety may be accompanied by excessive worry, irritability or difficulty sleeping. Men who are experiencing high levels of stress can often suffer from burnout, anger outbursts or a sense of being overwhelmed. Encouraging men to seek help It is important to create supportive environments where men feel comfortable seeking help for mental health issues. Therapy, counselling and support groups can be effective treatment options. As part of preventative care, practising mindfulness, utilising stress management techniques and engaging in physical activities can all contribute to improved mental well-being. Diabetes Symptoms in Men Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a growing health concern for men. This condition arises when the body either resists insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Over time, high blood sugar can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, nerve damage and kidney failure. Risk factors for diabetes Obesity, poor dietary choices and lack of exercise are major contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes. Men are particularly at risk if they have a family history of diabetes or if they lead a sedentary lifestyle. Being overweight, particularly with excess fat around the waist, increases the likelihood of developing the disease. Symptoms to watch for Diabetes symptoms in men may include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision and unexplained weight loss. In some cases, men may also experience erectile dysfunction as a result of the condition. These symptoms can often develop slowly, so regular health screenings are critical for early detection. Prevention and management Preventative care for men should focus on maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity and consuming a balanced diet rich in fibre and low in processed sugars. For those already diagnosed, managing blood sugar levels through lifestyle changes and medication is essential to prevent complications. Testosterone Levels in Men Testosterone is a key hormone in men, influencing muscle mass, bone density, fat distribution and sex drive. As men age, testosterone levels naturally decline, which can lead to a variety of physical and mental changes. >>>10
Vetnews | November 2025 10 « BACK TO CONTENTS Leading Article However, some men experience a more significant drop in testosterone levels than others, which can have a noticeable impact on their health. Symptoms of low testosterone Low testosterone levels in men can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, reduced libido, loss of muscle mass, increased body fat and mood changes such as irritability or depression. These symptoms can affect a man’s quality of life, yet many men may not recognise them as signs of low testosterone. Treatment options Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) may be an option for men with clinically low testosterone levels, but it should only be considered under the guidance of a healthcare professional. For those seeking natural ways to boost testosterone levels, regular exercise can help – particularly strength training. Additionally, maintaining a healthy diet and getting adequate sleep can also assist. Preventative measures To maintain healthy testosterone levels, men should focus on living an active and healthy lifestyle. Reducing stress, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and staying physically active are all important steps in supporting hormonal balance. Health Screening for Men Health screenings are an essential part of preventative care for men. Despite this, many men are reluctant to visit healthcare providers for routine check-ups. Regular screenings allow for the early detection of health issues, including heart disease, diabetes and cancer, all of which can be more effectively treated when caught early. Common screenings for men Some of the most important screenings for men include: Blood pressure checks High blood pressure is a silent killer that can lead to heart disease and stroke. Risks of hypertension If blood pressure is too high, it puts a strain on the blood vessels, heart, and other vital organs, such as the brain and kidneys. High blood pressure can also increase the risk of other serious and potentially life-threatening health conditions, such as: • Heart attacks • Stroke • Heart failure • Peripheral vascular • Aortic aneurysms • Kidney disease • Vascular dementia This is why checking blood pressure is so important. Risk factors for hypertension • Being overweight • Eating too much salt • Not eating enough fruit and vegetables • Lack of exercise or daily physical activity • Drinking too much alcohol or caffeinated beverages • Smoking Six Health Problems Faced by Men Today <<< 9
Vetnuus | November 2025 11 Leading Article • Not getting sufficient sleep at night • Being over the age of 65 • Family history of hypertension Cholesterol tests Monitoring cholesterol levels is important for preventing heart disease. Diabetes screenings Regular blood glucose tests can detect prediabetes or type 2 diabetes early. Prostate exams These are crucial for men over the age of 50 – or for younger men with a family history of prostate cancer. Colonoscopy Men over the age of 50 should also undergo screening for colorectal cancer. Testicular exams These are important for younger men, as testicular cancer is most common in men aged 15 to 35. The importance of regular screening Regular health screening for men can catch potential health problems before they become severe. Early detection increases the chances of successful treatment and allows men to make lifestyle adjustments that can prevent the progression of serious conditions. Conclusion Men’s health issues are diverse and often complex, but many of the most common problems can be managed or prevented with early detection and proactive care. From heart disease and prostate health concerns to mental health challenges and diabetes, being aware of these risks empowers men to take control of their well-being. Preventative care for men, including regular screenings and lifestyle changes, is key to ensuring a long and healthy life. By recognising the importance of these issues and addressing them head-on, men can improve their quality of life and reduce the impact of common health problems. v
Vetnews | November 2025 12 « BACK TO CONTENTS Article Breast cancer is commonly associated with women, but men also have breast tissue and can be at risk for developing breast cancer. In South Africa, male breast cancer accounts for approximately 1.8% of all breast cancer cases, compared to less than 1% worldwide. Black men have higher incidence rates for all breast cancer subtypes. Types of Male Breast Cancer Ductal carcinoma: This cancer starts in the milk ducts and is the most common type of male breast cancer. Lobular carcinoma: A rare type of breast cancer that starts in the glands that produce milk. Men’s breast tissue has very few lobules, making this uncommon. Other cancers: Inflammatory breast cancer and Paget’s disease, primarily affecting the nipple area, are less common but also occur in men. Risk factors Detecting breast cancer early increases the chances of successful treatment. However, many men delay seeking medical help when unusual symptoms appear, leading to later-stage diagnosis. Key risk factors include: • Age: Men aged 40 to 80 years are most at risk. • Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase risk. • Family history: A close relative with breast cancer increases a man’s risk. • Radiation therapy: Chest radiation treatment increases breast cancer risk. • Hormone therapy: Treatments involving estrogen for prostate cancer heighten risk. • Obesity: More fat cells can increase estrogen levels, raising cancer risk. • Klinefelter’s syndrome: This genetic condition raises estrogen levels in men. • Alcohol use: Heavy alcohol consumption can increase estrogen levels. Signs and symptoms • Men with breast cancer may experience: • Swelling or a painless lump in the breast • Inverted nipple • Nipple discharge or bleeding • Breast discomfort or a pulling sensation • Skin changes (dimpling, redness, or scaling) Prevention While male breast cancer cannot be entirely prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce risk: • Maintain a healthy weight • Exercise regularly • Limit alcohol intake • PMB level of care v Do Men Get Breast Cancer? The Facts You Should Know
Vetnuus | November 2025 13 “The South African Veterinary Association aims to serve its members and to further the status and image of the veterinarian. We are committed to upholding the highest professional and scientific standards by utilising the professional knowledge, skill and resources of our members, to foster close ties with the community and thus promote the health and welfare of animals and mankind”. MISSION STATEMENT Servicing and enhancing the veterinary community since 1920! Tel: 012 346 1150 E-mail: vethouse@sava.co.za www.sava.co.za The following SAVA members are available on the SAVA stress management hotline. If required, they will refer you to professionals. The SAVA Stress Management Hotline is there to assist members who are experiencing personal problems by offering access to professional counselling/advice. Ken Pettey 082 882 7356 ken.pettey@gmail.com Aileen Pypers 072 599 8737 aileen.vet@gmail.com Willem Schultheiss 082 323 7019 schultheisswillem@gmail.com Mike Lowry 084 581 2624 mikelowry@sai.co.za Tod Collins 083 350 1662 tcollins@isat.co.za The hotline can assist with referrals or simply offer much needed emotional support when anxiety, depression, anger, grief, lonelinessand fear are at their highest. 24-Hour, Toll-Free Helpline Manned by psychologists, social and frontline healthcare workers: 0800 21 21 21
Vetnews | November 2025 14 « BACK TO CONTENTS Ameliorative Potential of Alcoholic Ginseng Extract on Ibuprofen-Induced Reproductive Toxicity In Male Rats Abstract The therapeutic benefits of ginseng (Panax ginseng) have attracted an abundance of interest. So, this investigation aimed to study the effect of alcoholic Ginseng extract against Ibuprofen-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats. This investigation was carried out from August 24 to September 26, 2024, in the animal house of Veterinary Medicine College at Tikrit University. Seventy (70) adult, seemingly healthy Albino male rats were acquired from the Veterinary Medicine College’s animal house at Tikrit University. The results showed that the Testosterone and FSH concentrations were normal in all groups and there were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups. On the other hand, significant (P≤0.05) differences were found in the concentration of LH, where the highest concentration was in the fourth group, which took Ibuprofen for 30 days (15.493 ± 0.591) compared to the control group (14.556 ± 1.008), while the treated groups did not show significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to the control group. Sperm motility, sperm life, sperm dead, abnormal sperm and Sperm counts in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group and the Ibuprofen (10 days) group showed significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. The treated groups and the ginseng group showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. Coenzyme Q10 activity in the Ibuprofen (10 days) group showed a significant (P≤0.05) elevated compared to the control group. The treated groups and the ginseng group showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. The Carnitine levels in all groups showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. Histological examination of rats dosed with both dimethyl sulfoxide and ibuprofen for 10 and 30 days revealed some histological changes, including hemolyzed blood vessels, reduced spermatogonia, and decreased sperm count. However, after using ginseng extract to treat and prevent the harmful effects of ibuprofen, it was found that seminiferous tubules contained different stages of spermatogenic development, and most spermatogenic cells were improved. It’s concluded that the alcoholic extract of ginseng roots shows a protective and therapeutic effect on sex hormones and spermatogenesis cells, and improves spermatogenesis. INTRODUCTION Fertility issues have traditionally been treated using herbal treatments. As early as 200 A.D., there is proof that herbal medicines were used to improve both male and female fertility. Special herbs and plant extracts that are thought to benefit the reproductive organs, hormonal system, and sex drive are used to make these herbal fertility medicines. Both men and women who want to improve their chances of getting pregnant take them, as do couples who are having trouble conceiving [1, 2, 3]. Numerous studies have revealed that many victims have tried to enhance their libido, sexual function, and fertility by using herbal remedies like ginseng, maca, or dang gui [4,5]. One typical Eastern Asian plant that is used as a tonic to slow down the aging process is ginseng [6]. Ginseng saponin, which is made up of several ginsenosides, is the main active component of ginseng. As of right now, about 30 ginsenosides have been found [7]. Male infertility can be effectively treated with it. It has been demonstrated to stimulate sexual activity, spermatozoa production, and testicular expansion in animals [8]. In rats, ginseng reduces oxidative stress, which raises antioxidant capacity and decreases lipid peroxidation [9]. Analgesic exposure has been linked to adverse endocrine and reproductive effects in fetuses, according to mounting data in recent years [10]. However, no comprehensive research has examined how mild analgesics affect the human pituitarygonadal axis. Ibuprofen is particularly intriguing in this regard due to its growing popularity among the general public and, in particular, among professional athletes [11]. Because of its extensive usage as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAID) and its well-established pharmacological effects on the reproductive and endocrine systems, ibuprofen was included in the analysis [12]. According to new research, ibuprofen may affect male fertility by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, which can result in disorders like compensatory hypogonadism that impair sperm quality and testosterone production [13]. Ibuprofen is a crucial NSAID to research in relation to male reproductive health because of these special effects [14]. so, this investigation was aimed to study the effect of alcoholic Ginseng extract against Ibuprofen induced reproductive dysfunction in male rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ibuprofen was obtained from General Company for the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Appliances Samarra Iraq. Panax ginseng roots extraction The roots of Panax ginseng were purchased from the Baghdad, Iraq, market. To get rid of any contaminants, properly wash the ginseng roots in distilled water. After that, thoroughly dry the roots in the shade for five to seven days at room temperature until they are entirely dry. cleaned the dried roots to get rid of any dirt or debris that could have remained. Using a grinder, grind the cleaned roots into a fine powder. 200 milliliters of 99% ethanol were added to a round-bottom flask that contained 20 grams of powdered ginseng roots. To improve extraction efficiency, the mixture was left to stand for 24 to 72 hours while being shaken periodically. Use a filter sieve to separate particles and contaminants from the solution when the soaking time is over. To eliminate the alcohol and concentrate the flavonoids, use a rotary evaporator to concentrate the filtrate at a low temperature of about 40–50°C. After that, the extract was applied to nylon bags and allowed to dry at room temperature. Shelan Abd AlSalam Hamad1 , Siham Agmee Wadee2 , Wasan Sarhan Obaid3 1,2,3Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq sa230019pve@st.tu.edu.iq
Vetnuus | November 2025 15 Animals This investigation was carried out from August 24 to September 26, 2024, in the animal house of Veterinary Medicine College at Tikrit University. From the animal house of the Veterinary Medicine College at Tikrit University, seventy (70) mature male Albino rats that appeared to be in good health were acquired. The creatures are 8–10 weeks old and weigh between 200 and 250 g, with an average of 225 g. Standard cages made of plastic measuring 46*28*13 cm were used to house the animals. They were maintained in an atmosphere that was suitable for them (20–25 C)º. General Experimental Design The animals that used in current study were divided into 7 groups, and each group contain 10 rats, as following: • G1: control group received normal saline (orally) for 30 days. • G2: rats received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (orally) daily for 30 days. • G3: rats received Ibuprofen (120mg/kg) (orally) daily for 10 days. • G4: rats received Ibuprofen (120mg/kg) daily for 30 days. • G5: rats received ginseng extract (20mg/kg) (orally) daily for 30 days. • G6: rats received Ibuprofen (120mg/kg) for 10 days and followed by ginseng extract (20mg/kg) daily for 20 days. • G7: rats received Ibuprofen (120mg/kg) and ginseng extract (20mg/kg) daily for 30 days. Measurements • Testosterone: Sandwich-ELISA is an ELISA technique used by the ELISA Kit (SUNLONG, China) to measure the amount of testosterone in serum and plasma. • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Sandwich-ELISA is an ELISA technique used by the ELISA Kit (SUNLONG, China) to measure the amount of FSH in serum and plasma. • Luteinizing hormone (LH): Sandwich-ELISA is an ELISA technique used by the ELISA Kit (SUNLONG, China) to measure the amount of LH in serum and plasma. • Carnitine: Sandwich-ELISA is an ELISA technique used by the ELISA Kit (SUNLONG, China) to measure the amount of Carnitine in serum and plasma. • Coenzyme Q10: Sandwich-ELISA is an ELISA technique used by the ELISA Kit (SUNLONG, China) to measure the amount of Coenzyme Q10 in serum and plasma. Histological study Rat testis pieces were taken, fixed with 10% formalin, paraffinprocessed, cut with a rotary microtome to a thickness of six micrometres, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) histological stains [15,16]. Through the use of an Optica microscope (Italy), sections were inspected. Statistical analysis The Data on sexual hormones were analysed by using a program called Minitab (statistical program). The difference between the experimental group’s means was analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the levels of some sexual hormones in male rats and in all study groups. Testosterone concentrations were normal in all groups and there were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups, as it reached 21.172 ± 0.692 in the dimethyl sulfoxide group and the third ibuprofen group (21.593 ± 1.133), which did not show significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to the rest of the groups and the control group (22.130 ± 0.377). FSH concentrations were normal in all groups and there were no significant differences (P≤0.05) between groups, as it reached 11.549 ± 0.392 in the dimethyl sulfoxide group and the third ibuprofen group (11.908 ± 1.183), which did not show significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to the rest of the groups and the control group (11.711 ± 1.178). On the other hand, significant (P≤0.05) differences were found in the concentration of LH, where the highest concentration was in the fourth group, which took Ibuprofen for 30 days (15.493 ± 0.591) compared to the control group (14.556 ± 1.008), while the treated groups did not show significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to the control group. Our experiment demonstrated that male rats’ usage of ibuprofen increased their LH levels. This idea is supported by our data from the ex vivo trials, which show that ibuprofen’s direct anti-androgenic activity was the cause of the observed increase in LH. This is in line with a prior study that found that men who volunteered to take acetylsalicylic acid, another NSAID, in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that mimics LH, had lower levels of steroidal hormones than controls who were exposed to hCG but not the analgesic [17]. According to the current study’s findings, ginseng also improved serum sexual hormones (FSH and LH). Ginsenoside, the triterpenoid saponin that is the active component of ginseng, shares structural similarities with steroid hormones. Because ginseng has a lot of steroid receptors (androgen receptors) in the male reproductive tract, genital organs, and spermatozoa, this component of ginseng may be linked to improved sexual function and reproductive behaviour [18]. Other researchers have reported similar findings about ginseng’s benefits, explaining that it acts on steroid receptors to increase testosterone synthesis and, indirectly, libido Matsumoto [19]. Article Groups Testosterone (IU/L) FSH (IU/L) LH (IU/L) G1 22.130 ± 0.377 a 11.711 ± 1.178 a 14.556 ± 1.008 bc G2 21.172 ± 0.692 a 11.549 ± 0.392 a 14.109 ± 0.863 c G3 21.593 ± 1.133 a 11.908 ± 1.183 a 14.981 ± 0.808 ab G4 21.686 ± 1.229 a 12.392 ± 1.013 a 15.493 ± 0.591 a G5 22.052 ± 0.880 a 11.967 ± 1.295 a 15.152 ± 0.446 a G6 21.739 ± 1.473 a 11.884 ± 0.802 a 14.091 ± 0.451 c G7 21.301 ± 0.508 a 12.190 ± 0.701 a 14.100 ± 0.747 c P- value 0.528 ns 0.864 ns 0.01** Table 1: the levels of some sexual hormones in male rats and in all study groups >>>16
Vetnews | November 2025 16 « BACK TO CONTENTS Article Sperm properties Table 2 showed some sperm properties in male rats and in all study groups. Sperm motility percentage in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (48±5.70) and Ibuprofen (10 days) group (72±2.74) showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group (89±4.18). While in the ginseng group (88±2.74) showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. In the treated groups, sperm motility showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group, but there was an improvement compared to the Ibuprofen groups. Sperm life percentage in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (35.2±4.63) and Ibuprofen (10 days) group (52.2±4.92) showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group (84±8.63). While in the ginseng group (82±9.46) showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. In the treated groups, sperm life showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group, but there was an improvement compared to the Ibuprofen groups. Sperm dead percentage in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (64.8±9.63) and Ibuprofen (10 days) group (47.8±4.92) showed a significant (P≤0.05) elevated compared to the control group (16±3.63). While in the ginseng group (18 ± 4.46) showed nonsignificant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. In the treated groups, sperm life showed a significant (P≤0.05) elevated compared to the control group, but there was an improvement compared to the Ibuprofen groups. Abnormal sperm percentage in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (19.6±3.85) and Ibuprofen (7 days) group (13 ±1.0) showed a significant (P≤0.05) elevated compared to the control group (7.6±2.074). While in the treated groups and the ginseng group (8.2±2.39) showed non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. Sperm count percentage in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (10.2±1.483) and Ibuprofen (10 days) group (17.8±2.164) showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group (31.4±2.103). While in the ginseng group (28.0±5.147) showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group. In the treated groups, sperm count showed a significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to the control group, but there was an improvement compared to the Ibuprofen groups. Ibuprofen’s effects on sperm parameters were demonstrated in the current study using rats as an experimental model. In both groups, Ibuprofen can lower the percentage of fast spermatozoa motility, according to the sperm motility assessment. Aspirin, a non-steroidal inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), has been shown to have detrimental effects on sperm motility. These findings were consistent with those of Ekalou et al. (20). Similar outcomes were also noted by Ekalou et al. following a 90-day aspirin treatment. The decrease in sperm viability and count could be the consequence of apoptosis or necrosis, which were brought on by pharmacological treatments, particularly in the high dose group in the later stages. In the current investigation, ginseng treatment proved efficient in increasing sperm motility and morphology. Dahlberg (21) noted that sperm motility and fertility are connected, with human sperm motility being identified as the most significant factor in fertility. It was reported by Morgentaler et al. (22) that sperm morphology affects fertility. According to Choi et al. (23), ginseng root will promote the morphology and motility of epididymal sperm, but it won’t alter the concentration of sperm in male rats. The high concentration of active ingredients in ginseng root, including saponins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and polysaccharides, was noted by Shin et al. (24) as having a significant impact on reproductive efficacy. (25) noted that ginsenoside, a compound found in ginseng root that resembles steroid hormones in composition, is one of the chemicals that encourage sexual activity. Ginsenoside will cause male rats’ anterior pituitary glands to secrete more LH (26). Coenzyme Q10 & Carnitine Table 3 shows the levels of some parameters in male rats and in all study groups. Coenzyme Q10 activity in the Ibuprofen (10 days) group (7.879 ± 1.949) exhibited significant (P≤0.05) differences when compared to the control (4.193 ± 0.661). The treated groups and the ginseng group (7.987 ± 0.714) showed nonsignificant (P≤0.05) differences compared to the control group. The Carnitine levels in the Ibuprofen (30 days) group (2857±90.2) exhibited non-significant (P≤0.05) differences when compared to the control (3174 ±100.4). While the treated groups and ginseng group (38 30±120.4) exhibited nonsignificant (P≤0.05) differences when compared to the control group. Groups Sperm Motility % Life Sperm Dead Sperm Abnormal Sperm Sperm count G1 89±4.18 a 84±8.63 a 16±3.63 e 7.6±2.074 c 31.4±2.103 a G2 56±4.18 d 65±2.74 d 35±2.74 c 11.4±1.140 b 20.8±3.582 d G3 72±2.74 c 52.2±4.92 e 47.8±4.92 b 13 ±1.0 b 17.8±2.164 e G4 48±5.70 e 35.2±4.63 f 64.8±9.63 a 19.6±3.850 a 10.2±1.483 f G5 88±2.74 a 82±9.46 ab 18 ± 4.46 e 8.2±2.39 c 28.0±5.147 b G6 77±2.74 b 76.8±4.15 c 23.2±4.15 d 8.8±1.643 c 24.8±3.667 c G7 75±3.54 bc 79.8±3.35 bc 20.6±3.71 de 8 ±2.35 c 23.1±3.324 c P-value 0.00004 0.0008 0.0008 0.002 0.0007 Groups Coenzyme Q10 (mg/L) Carnitine (mg/ L) G1 4.193 ± 0.661 ab 3174 ± 100.4 a G2 3.769 ± 0.327 b 1841 ± 80.7 a G3 7.879 ± 1.949 a 3665 ± 105.7 a G4 5.464 ±1.835 ab 2857 ± 90.2 a G5 7.987 ± 0.714 a 38 30 ±120.4 a G6 7.056 ± 0.663ab 3689 ± 106.9 a G7 7.792 ± 1.137a 2237± 85.04 a P- value 0.05 * 0.05 * Table 2: The features of sperm in the studied groups Table 3: The activity of Coenzyme Q10 & Carnitine in the studied groups
Vetnuus | November 2025 17 Article Same letters mean there are non-significant (P≤0.05) differences. Where different letters mean there are significant (P≤0.05) differences. NSAIDs are used primarily for their anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, and pain-relieving properties, but they also have other therapeutic effects. Without taking into account their toxic effects and contraindicated instances, they are mostly available as overthe-counter medications (27). NSAID use has been linked to several pathological situations, particularly when used over an extended period of time, and has been shown to significantly alter Coenzyme Q10 (28). According to the results of the current investigation, ginseng consumption did not significantly alter urea levels. By decreasing gentamicin accumulation in the renal tubule, P. ginseng extract has been demonstrated to be useful in preventing kidney damage. An evaluation of P. ginseng’s nephroprotective effect on gentamicin-induced nephropathy revealed improvements in renal function assessment indicators (29). Given that CoQ10 is a potent antioxidant, this validates the findings of the current study that ginseng can raise the levels of Carnitine and Coenzyme Q10 in mice, which in turn improves the properties of the testicles and tissues. CoQ10 scavenges lipid peroxidation products during free radical reactions (31) and prevents the production of ROS (30). Histological study Control group The parenchyma of the testis had Crowded Seminiferous tubules, each lumen of the tubules had Spermatogonia, which are resting on the basement membrane (B.M.), and other spermatogenic stages of development. The interstitial connective tissue had blood vessels surrounding the Leydig cells (Fig. 1). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) The Capsule of the testis was formed by dense Collagen fibers with fibroblasts. Subcapsular blood vessels were present, containing hemolyzed blood. The lumen of the seminiferous tubules had small-sized spermatogonia resting on the basement membrane. Great size primary Spermatocyte and smaller size with double rows of Secondary Spermatocyte. Spermatids were seen in small groups, and the center of each seminiferous tubule had spermatozoa (fig 2). Ibuprofen (10 days) group Seminiferous tubules had spermatogonia resting on the basement membrane, primary and secondary Spermatocytes were present, and the small size of spermatids in Clusters was evident near the center of seminiferous tubules. Spermatozoa were seen in the center of seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells were present in the interstitial connective tissue in small groups (Fig. 3). Ibuprofen (30 days) group Seminiferous tubules were demonstrated to be occupied with spermatogonia, a row of Primary Spermatocytes, 23 rows of Secondary Spermatocytes, and groups of spermatids. The center of the seminiferous tubules had Spermatozoa, which appeared flamelike toward the Sertoli cells, which are resting on the basement membrane. Groups of Leydig cells were located in the interstitial connective tissue (Fig. 4). Figure 1: Histological section from the testis of the rat (G1) shows: Parenchyma of Testis, capsule (A). Interstitial connective tissue (B), crowded seminiferous tubule (C), spermatogenic developments (D) (H&E X10) Figure 2: Histological section from the testis of the rat (G2) shows : Capsule of testis formed by dense Collagen bundle (A) . Subcapsuler hemolyzed blood (B) . spermatogonia (C). hypertrophied primary spermatocyte (D). secondary spermatocyte (E ). Spermatide (F) spermatozoa (G) ( H & E X40) Figure 3: Histological section from the testis of the rat (G4) shows : seminiferous tubule basement membrane (A). primary spermatocyte (B). groups of secondary spermatocyte (C). Clusters of Clusters of spermatide (D). Flame like spermatozoa (E). Lydig cells (F). (H&E X40) Figure 4: Histological section from the testis of the rat (G4) shows : seminiferous tubule basement membrane (A). primary spermatocyte (B). groups of secondary spermatocyte (C). Clusters of Clusters of spermatide (D). Flame like spermatozoa (E). Lydig cells (F). (H&E X40) >>>18
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