VN October 2023

Oktober 2023 11 Direct zoonotic associations (e.g., elephants infecting humans and vice versa) may not be recorded in the reviewed literature. All listed pathogens are confirmed zoonotic in mammals and, thus, involve a potential risk of elephant-to-human or human-to-elephant infection. Accordingly, we have adopted precautionary and preventative approaches in our analysis of pathogens and diseases. Below are further descriptions relevant to potential pathogens and diseases listed in Table-1, which are sorted by pathogen class and then alphabetically by disease, rather than prevalence or importance. Table-1: Confirmed and potential elephant zoonoses or anthropozoonosis (ordered by pathogen class and alphabetically by disease). Pathogen type Pathogen Disease Example signs and symptoms Zoonoses/ reverse References Bacterial Bacillus anthracis (Asian and African elephant species) Anthrax Cutaneous, pulmonary, flu-like, gastrointestinal, fever, malaise, hemorrhage, meningitis, sepsis, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential) OA-E (potential) H-E (potential) [16, 17, 26, 29, 75] Clostridium spp. Clostridium infection Gastrointestinal, malaise, fever, muscle spasm, tetany, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential) OA-E (potential) H-E (potential) [12, 24, 30] Escherichia coli (African elephant species) Escherichia coli infection Gastrointestinal, malaise, fever, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential OA-E (confirmed) H-E (potential) [21, 30, 76] Aerococcus viridans (African elephant species) Gaffkemia Arthritis, bacteremia, endocarditis, malaise, meningitis, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential) OA-E (potential) H-E (potential) [27, 36] Leptospira interrogans (Asian elephant species) Leptospirosis fever, anorexia, malaise, muscle pain, renal or liver failure, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential) OA-E (potential) H-E (potential) [30, 31, 77] Pasteurella multocida (Asian and African elephant species) Pasteurellosis/ hemorrhagic septicemia Malaise, fever, anorexia, inflamed mucous membranes, swellings, pain, pneumonia, hemorrhage, septicemia, death E-H (potential) E-OA (potential) OA-E (potential) H-E (potential) [19, 78–81] Salmonella spp. (Asian and African elephant species) Salmonellosis Gastrointestinal, fever, anorexia, malaise, weight loss, pain, septicemia, meningitis, death E-H (confirmed) E-OA (confirmed) OA-E (confirmed) H‑E (potential) [12, 30, 34] >>> 12