VN October 2023

Vetnuus | October 2023 10 Additional assessment We used the zoonoplasticity algorithm [74] as an additional guidance tool to provide a basic assessment Box-1: Search terms. (Loxodonta OR Elephas) “public health” (Loxodonta OR Elephas) tourist* (Loxodonta OR Elephas) welfare (Loxodonta OR Elephas) zoonos* (Loxodonta OR Elephas) safety (Loxodonta OR Elephas) “human injury” (Loxodonta OR Elephas) (Leptospirosis OR anthrax OR tuberculosis OR Cowpox virus OR Cryptosporidiosis OR Escherichia coli infection OR Helminthiasis OR Pasteurellosis OR Plague OR Rabies or Salmonellosis OR Toxoplasmosis) Results A total of 598 peer-reviewed studies were identified during the searches. Following the exclusion of studies, 83 publications were identified and included that involved primary associations with elephant tourism, public health and safety, and animal health and welfare. Of these publications, 43 were authored or coauthored by regional experts in Asia or Africa. Public health and safety Elephant-to-human zoonoses and other diseases Based on the literature reviewed,Table-1 [12–36, 38–41, 44, 75–88] summarizes confirmed and potential elephant zoonoses and anthropozoonoses, or reverse zoonoses. These elements are ordered by pathogen class and then alphabetically by disease, based on reported associations between potential pathogens of elephants, humans, and other animals. While numerous confirmed and potential zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic pathogens have been established in the literature, there is a paucity of specific data regarding both the incidence and prevalence of, in particular, diseases shared at the elephant-human interface. Leading Article Figure-1: Search results based on PRISMA. Source: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC,Mulrow CD, et al. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ,372(71). doi: 10.1136/ bmj.n71 regarding the elephant- human interface and related potential pathogens and risk factors. The algorithm applies a two-tier assessment system: Tier 1 involves a species- and management-based questionnaire evaluation that provides a risk score (applicable range 10–35+ points) and rating (range Low, Moderate, High, and Very high); Tier 2 involves a pathogen- or disease-based questionnaire evaluation that provides risk score (applicable score range 10–50+ points) and rating (range Low, Moderate, High, and Very high).