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Vetnuus | April 2023 26 the species are kept. These values are also highly uncertain given that the species involved are usually rare, preferences for species can change rapidly, and illicit markets usually have few participants and are poorly monitored. An efficient approach to deterrence may entail identifying which one (or combination) of the costs could be increased or how benefits could be decreased to discourage illegal trade. Although it might be tempting to focus additional effort on surveillance and enforcement, resources are already invested in these areas and there may be diminishing returns on additional investment (Challender et al. 2015). Interviewing illegal traders would provide insight into whether the driving factors in decision making are spikes in sale prices or changes in the likelihood of being caught. Conclusion The existing body of literature examining the exotic pet trade is spread across disciplines, and much of this research has focused on the exotic pet trade’s contribution to extinction, while its contribution to invasions has largely been ignored. We have highlighted an evident and urgent need to understand, at a much more fundamental level, how the exotic pet trade contributes to invasions. The challenge is complex, given that a thorough understanding will necessarily include social perceptions, market forces, and ecology. 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