Vetnews | Maart 2026 14 « BACK TO CONTENTS Leading Article Ferraguti, M.; Martínez-De la Puente, J.; Jiménez–Clavero, M.Á.; et al. A Field Test of the Dilution Effect Hypothesis in Four Avian MultiHost Pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 2021, 17, e1009637. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009637. Wood, C.L.; Lafferty, K.D.; DeLeo, G.; et al. Does Biodiversity Protect Humans against Infectious Disease? Ecology 2014, 95, 817–832. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1. Civitello, D.J.; Cohen, J.; Fatima, H.; et al. Biodiversity Inhibits Parasites: Broad Evidence for the Dilution Effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8667–8671. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1506279112. Halliday, F.W.; Rohr, J.R.; Laine, A. Biodiversity Loss Underlies the Dilution Effect of Biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 2020, 23, 1611–1622. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13590. Mahon, M.B.; Sack, A.; Aleuy, O.A.; et al. A Meta-Analysis on Global Change Drivers and the Risk of Infectious Disease. Nature 2024, 629, 830–836. Young, H.S.; Wood, C.L.; Marm Kilpatrick, A.; et al. Conservation, Biodiversity and Infectious Disease: Scientific Evidence and Policy Implications. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2017, 372, 20160124. Albers, H.J.; Lee, K.D.; Rushlow, J.R.; et al. Disease Risk from Human– Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2020, 76, 929–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-02000449-6. Hopkins, S.R.; Lafferty, K.D.; Wood, C.L.; et al. Evidence Gaps and Diversity among Potential Win–Win Solutions for Conservation and Human Infectious Disease Control. Lancet Planet Health 2022, 6, e694–e705. Gibb, R.; Redding, D.W.; Chin, K.Q.; et al. Zoonotic Host Diversity Increases in Human-Dominated Ecosystems. Nature 2020, 584, 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2562-8. Connell, J. On the Role of Natural Enemies in Preventing Competitive Exclusion in Some Marine Animals and in Rain Forest Trees. Dyn. Popul. 1971, 298, 312. Janzen, D.H. Herbivores and the Number of Tree Species in Tropical Forests. Am. Nat. 1970, 104, 501–528. https://doi. org/10.1086/282687. Allan, B.F.; Keesing, F.; Ostfeld, R.S. Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk. Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17, 267–272. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x. Kilpatrick, A.M.; Salkeld, D.J.; Titcomb, G.; et al. Conservation of Biodiversity as a Strategy for Improving Human Health and WellBeing. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2017, 372, 20160131. https:// doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0131. Simberloff, D.; Abele, L.G. Refuge Design and Island Biogeographic Theory: Effects of Fragmentation. Am. Nat. 1982, 120, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/283968. Hosseini, P.R.; Mills, J.N.; Prieur-Richard, A.H.; et al. Does the Impact of Biodiversity Differ between Emerging and Endemic Pathogens? The Need to Separate the Concepts of Hazard and Risk. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2017, 372, 20160129. https:// doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0129. Lambert, S.; Gilot-Fromont, E.; Togïo, C.; et al. An Individual-Based Model to Assess the Spatial and Individual Heterogeneity of Brucella Melitensis Transmission in Alpine Ibex. Ecol. Modell. 2020, 425, 109009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109009. Boecklen, W.J. Nestedness, Biogeographic Theory, and the Design of Nature Reserves. Oecologia 1997, 112, 123–142. https://doi. org/10.1007/s004420050292. Skaggs, R.W.; Boecklen, W.J. Extinctions of Montane Mammals Reconsidered: Putting a Global-Warming Scenario on Ice. Biodivers. Conserv. 1996, 5, 759–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051785. Etienne, R.S.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P. On Optimal Size and Number of Reserves for Metapopulation Persistence. J. Theor. Biol. 2000, 203, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1999.1060. Ovaskainen, O. Long-Term Persistence of Species and the SLOSS Problem. J. Theor. Biol. 2002, 218, 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0022-5193(02)93089-4. Connor, E.F.; McCoy, E.D. The Statistics and Biology of the SpeciesArea Relationship. Am. Nat. 1979, 113, 791–833. https://doi. org/10.1086/283438. Diamond, J.M. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol. Conserv. 1975, 7, 129– 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(75)90052-X. Mittermeier, R.A.; Gil, P.G.; Hoffman, M.; et al. Hotspots Revisited. Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions; Cemex: San Pedro Garza Garcia, Mexico, 2004. Mittermeier, R.A.; Turner, W.R.; Larsen, F.W.; et al. Global Biodiversity Conservation: The Critical Role of Hotspots. In Biodiversity Hotspot, Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 3–22. ISBN 978-3642-20991-8. Eken, G.; Bennun, L.; Brooks, T.M.; et al. Key Biodiversity Areas as Site Conservation Targets. Bioscience 2004, 54, 1110–1118. https://doi. org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1110:kbaasc]2.0.co;2. Langhammer, P.F.; Bakarr, M.I.; Bennun, L.A.; et al. Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for Comprehensive Protected Area Systems; IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 2007. VanAcker, M.C.; Little, E.A.H.; Molaei, G.; et al. Enhancement of Risk for Lyme Disease by Landscape Connectivity, New York, New York, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2019, 25, 1136. https://doi.org/10.3201/ eid2506.181741. McCallum, H.; Dobson, A. Disease, Habitat Fragmentation and Conservation. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2002, 269, 2041– 2049. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2079. Gandon, S.; Capowiez, Y.; Dubois, Y.; et al. Local Adaptation and Genefor-Gene Coevolution in a Metapopulation Model. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 1996, 263, 1003–1009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0148. Rubio, A.V.; Ávila-Flores, R.; Suzán, G. Responses of Small Mammals to Habitat Fragmentation: Epidemiological Considerations for RodentBorne Hantaviruses in the Americas. Ecohealth 2014, 11, 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-014-0944-9. Thompson, J.N. Specific Hypotheses on the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. Am. Nat. 1999, 153, S1–S14. https://doi. org/10.1086/303208. Laikre, L. Genetic Diversity Is Overlooked in International Conservation Policy Implementation. Conserv. Genet. 2010, 11, 349–354. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-0037-4. Courchamp, F.; Angulo, E.; Rivalan, P.; et al. Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect. PLoS Biol. 2006, 4, e415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415. Fischer, J.; Abson, D.J.; Butsic, V.; et al. Land Sparing versus Land Sharing: Moving Forward. Conserv. Lett. 2014, 7, 149–157. https:// doi.org/10.1111/conl.12084. Hudson, P.J.; Dobson, A.P.; Lafferty, K.D. Is a Healthy Ecosystem One That Is Rich in Parasites? Trends Ecol. Evol. 2006, 21, 381–385. Koltz, A.M.; Civitello, D.J.; Becker, D.J.; et al. Sublethal Effects of Parasitism on Ruminants Can Have Cascading Consequences for Ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2022, 119, e2117381119. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.2117381119. Keesing, F.; Ostfeld, R.S. Dilution Effects in Disease Ecology. Ecol. Lett. 2021, 24, 2490–2505. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13875. Estavillo, C.; Weyland, F.; Herrera, L. Zoonotic Disease Risk and LifeHistory Traits: Are Reservoirs Fast Life Species? Ecohealth 2022, 19, 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-02201608-5.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy OTc5MDU=