Vetnuus | February 2025 19 Reported Values References Cardiovascular variables Heart rate (beats/min) 20-140a Williams et al., 2015; Williams et al., 1993; Ponganis et al., 2017 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) 120-142b Sommer et al., 1968; Ridgway & McCormick, 1971 Cardiac index (mL/min/kg) 47-105c Sommer et al., 1968 18.2-49.5d Miedler et al., 2015 Stroke volume index (mL/beat/kg) 0.4-0.8c Sommer et al., 1968 0.5-0.9d Miedler et al., 2015 Blood volume (mL/kg) 65-83 (mean 71) Johnson et al., 2009; Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 Hemoglobin (g/dL) 13.2-15.3 (mean 14.4) Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 Oxygen-carrying capacity, blood (mL O2/dL)e 17.7-20.5 (mean 19.3) Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 Myoglobin (g 100/g muscle) 2.5-3.5 Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997; Dolar et al., 1999; Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 Oxygen-carrying capacity, muscle Muscle mass (mL O2/kg muscle)e 33.5-46.9 Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997 Body mass (mL O2/kg body mass) 13.3 Pabst D, et al., 1999 Total oxygen (mL O2/kg) 29-36 Pabst D, et al., 1999; Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997; Noren & Williams, 2000 Pulmonary variables Breathing frequency (breaths/min) 0.9-3.6 Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017 Inspiratory phase time (ms) 430-660 Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Brodsky, et al., 2019 Expiratory phase time (ms) 260-500 Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Brodsky, et al., 2019 Inspiratory flow rate (L/s) 9.8-20.2 Fahlman et al., 2015 Expiratory flow rate (L/s) 16.5-37.5 Fahlman et al., 2015 Tidal volume (mL/kg) 15-22 Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Miedler, et al., 2019; Mortola & Seguin, 2009 Total lung capacity (mL/kg) 40-138 Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Mortola & Seguin, 2009 Airway (alveolar) opening pressure (cm H2O) 21-25 Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013 Peak airway pressure (cm H2O) 30 Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013 Dynamic compliance (L/cm H2O) 0.37 ± 0.04f Fahlman et al., 2015 4.2.2 Control of breathing in dolphins Breathing in mammals is a complex physiologic process involving respiratory neurons of the brainstem. Brainstem respiratory neurons generate the breathing rhythm and then modulate that rhythm through complex feedback from chemoreceptors (both central and peripheral) and mechanoreceptors. The fundamental breathing signal is then exposed to breath pattern formation, crafting the detailed spatiotemporal distribution to the different respiratory muscles that generate a breath, as well as major inputs to breathing from cortical areas governing the volitional control of breathing (Ashhad et al., 2022). The central and peripheral chemoreceptors sense carbon dioxide in the blood and neural tissue, while only the peripheral chemoreceptors sense changes in oxygen in the blood, triggering chemoreflexes that manifest as increased breathing (Guyenet & Bayliss, 2015; McCulloch et al., 1997). >>>20 Leading Article TABLE 3 Summary of cardiopulmonary variables relevant to perfusion adaptations of awake and anesthetized bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Cardiopulmonary adaptations of a diving marine mammal, the bottlenose dolphin.... <<<18
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