Vetnuus | December 2024 17 1.1. Animals - transfer of animals between different production groups/ areas - dead animal disposal - dirt, manure or contaminants Recommended practices - All buffalo must be tested against the four compulsory diseases (foot-and-mouth disease, corridor, brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis according to the Veterinary Procedural Notice: Buffalo Disease Risk Management 17 February 2017) before being introduced onto the ranch. - All buffalo must be treated with a dip to remove ticks with the reading of the last intradermal test and with the loading process to the farm. - Close the cow herd for the 4-year breeding cycle. - No other wild animals must get into the breeding camp on the farm. Remove all antelope (specifically kudu and nyala – anthrax and tuberculosis control). Shoot Warthog for rations. Jackals can carry the foetal membranes of aborted calves into the breeding camp from the outside camps. - Baboons and vervet monkeys should not be allowed at feeding spots. These animals can act as mechanical vectors of pathogens. - Cattle on neighbouring properties must be tested for tuberculosis and brucellosis on an annual basis and the results presented to the owner. - Double fences with a 20-meter surveillance zone between them must be erected between buffalo and cattle camps. A 1-meter-high jackal-proof fence should be attached to the outside fence closest to the cattle to prevent jackals from carrying foetal membranes into the buffalo breeding camp. The outside fence must have an electric strand at the shoulder height of cattle on the outside. - Carcass disposal: The carcass should be disposed of suitably to prevent the spreading of infectious or parasitic diseases. Carcasses not suitable for human consumption should be buried at least a meter deep. The bones of dead animals should be picked up and burnt regularly to prevent botulism. Wild animals that have died of zoonosis should preferably be burnt or destroyed in an incinerator. 1.2. People - ranch personnel and family members living on-site - contractors, maintenance personnel, neighbours, service personnel, visitors Recommended practices - Staff members working directly with buffalo should be tested for human tuberculosis (GeneXpert test). - Staff members should be trained to identify the symptoms of important diseases in buffalo. - Staff members should be supplied with gum boots and protective clothing for the feeding period. After feeding they can use their original working clothes on the ranch. - Veterinarians should be supplied with gum boots and protective clothing on the ranch before entering the breeding camp. 1.3. Vehicles and equipment - Husbandry equipment (cubes, dips, licks & dart guns, etc.) - Hirt/manure/contaminants carried on hands, boots, clothing, hair - Dirt/manure/contaminants carried on cars, trucks, tractors, scales Recommended practices - The daily routine must be done by using the same vehicle for feeding animals. - Start the feeding procedure by disinfecting the tyres of the vehicle when notifiable diseases are present in the district. 1.4. Feed, water and fences - raw materials - post-production contamination or spoilage during transport and storage - faecal and urine contamination from the same species or other species Recommended practices - Lucerne must be obtained from a brown-ear tick-free area such as the Northern Cape. - Fence inspection must be done every week to determine if animals such as warthog do not enter the breeding camps and feed at the same feeding spots as buffalo. - Breaking the fence is the first line where contagious diseases can break through in a new population. - Leaking drinking troughs can act as a reservoir for parasites that can infect their host. 2. Principles used to prevent pathogens from being brought into a herd from outside sources (external biosecurity measures) include: Restricted access to the premises where the animals are kept - Hygienic measures to ensure that people who need to enter the premises do not bring in pathogens and strict control/ decontamination of materials brought onto the ranch. Labourers must not work with domestic animals before feeding buffalo. Article
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