VN September 2023

Vetnuus | September 2023 34 • A trans-sinus pinning technique can be used in older birds. It requires a pin placed through the frontal sinuses as described above. The ends of the pin are then bent forwards to meet just rostral to the beak tip and are linked to form a triangle. A second pin is placed through the rhinotheca mid- way along its length, with the triangular trans-sinus pin resting on it. Cerclage wire is then used to link the tip of the beak with the apex of the triangle. This arrangement also extends the craniofacial hinge joint into a more normal position. • Prognosis o Many birds with untreated malformations will adapt to the deformity and learn to eat well. However, they will usually do better if the malformation can be corrected. o With appropriate techniques, follow-up and care, the prognosis for most beak malformations is good. Infectious disease • General o Infectious diseases are quite common in young chicks; their low level of immunocompetence combined with often sub-standard rearing practices leaves them highly pre-disposed to infection o This same lack of immunocompetence means that the progression of an infectious disease in young birds is often rapid – prompt and aggressive therapy is needed to save the patient. • Aetiology o Bacterial  Pseudomonas  E. Coli  Chlamydia psittaci  Other Gram-negative bacteria o Fungal  Candida  Aspergillus o Viral  Polyomavirus  PBFD o Parasitic  Protozoa – Cryptosporidia, Trichomonas, Cochlosoma, Coccidia and Atoxoplasma (in young canaries)  Nematodes – Ascarids, Capillaria, Acuaria • Clinical signs o Lethargy, loss of feeding response o Pallor or erythema of the skin o Dehydration o Crop stasis o Vomiting/regurgitation o Weight loss or failure to thrive o Subcutaneous haemorrhage o Feathering abnormalities o Sudden death • Treatment o Identify aetiological agents & treat accordingly o Support the patient v Technical I Article This article is sponsored by V-Tech