VN October 2023

Oktober 2023 37 two countries (France and Spain) but they are also prepared and employed as autovaccines. • Vaccinated animals quickly produce strong systemic immunity but a low, if any, mucosal immunity (no IgA production). As a consequence, animals are fully protected from the disease but not from infection that primarily occurs at the intestinal level. • It is advisable to vaccinate only breeding stock; vaccination of meat animals is not necessary if disease has not recently occurred on the farm. • A recombinant vaccine (a modified myxomavirus expressing the main RHDV protein) administered by the parenteral route has been developed and registered and is commercially available. For more detailed information regarding vaccines, please refer to Chapter 2.6.2 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the latest edition of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals under the heading “Requirements for Vaccines”. For more detailed information regarding safe international trade in terrestrial animals and their products, please refer to the latest edition of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code . REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION • Abrantes J., Lopes A.M., Dalton K.P., Melo P., Correia J.J., Ramada M., Alves P.C., Parra F. & Esteves P.J. (2013). New variant of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, Portugal, 2012–2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis ., 19 , 1900–1902. doi: 10.3201/eid1911.130908. • Abrantes J., van der Loo W., Le Pendu J. & Esteves P.J. (2011). Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review. Vet. Res ., 43 , 12. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-12. pmid:22325049 • Camarda A., Pugliese N., Cavadini P., Circella E., Capucci L., Caroli A., Legretto M., Mallia E. & Lavazza A. (2014). Detection of the new emerging rabbit haemorrhagic disease type 2 virus (RHDV2) in Sicily from rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and Italian hare ( Lepus corsicanus ). Res. Vet. Sci ., 97 , 642–645. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.008. Epub 2014 Oct 16. • Capucci L., Fallacara F., Grazioli S., Lavazza A., Pacciarini M.L. & Brocchi E. (1998). A further step in the evolution of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: the appearance of the first consistent antigenic variant. Virus Res ., 58 , 115–126. • Capucci L., Fusi P., Lavazza A., Pacciarini M.L. & Rossi C. (1996). Detection and preliminary characterization of a new rabbit calicivirus related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus but non pathogenic. J. Virol ., 70 , 8614–8623. • Cooke B.D., Robinson A.J., Merchant J.C., Nardin A. & Capucci L. (2000). Use of ELISAs infield studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in Australia. Epidemiol. Infect ., 124 , 563–576. • Dalton K.P., Nicieza I., Balseiro A., Muguerza M.A., Rosell J.M., Casais R., Álvarez Á.L. & Parra F. (2012). Variant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in young rabbits, Spain. Emerg. Infect. Dis ., 18 , 2009–2012. doi: 10.3201/eid1812.120341. • Lavazza A., Cavadini P., Barbieri I., Tizzani P., Pinheiro A., Abrantes J., Esteves P.J., Grilli G., Gioia E., Zanoni M., Meneguz P., Guitton J.S., Marchandeau S., Chiari M. & Capucci L. (2015). Field and experimental data indicate that the eastern cottontail ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) is susceptible to infection with European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) virus and not with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus. Vet. Res ., 46 , 13. doi: 10.1186/s13567-015-0149-4. • Le Gall-Reculé G., Lavazza A., Marchandeau S., Bertagnoli S., Zwingelstein F., Cavadini P., Martinelli N., Lombardi G., Guérin J.L., Lemaitre E., Decors A., Boucher S., Le Normand B. & Capucci L. (2013). Emergence of a new lagovirus related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. Vet. Res ., 44 , 81. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-81. • Le Gall-Reculé G., Zwingelstein F., Boucher S., Le Normand B., Plassiart G., Portejoie Y., Decors A., Bertagnoli S., Guérin J.L. & Marchandeau S. (2011). Detection of a new variant of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in France. Vet. Rec ., 168 , 137–138. doi: 10.1136/vr.d697. • Le Gall-Recule G., Zwingelstein F., Fages M.P., Bertagnoli S., Gelfi J., Aubineau J., Roobrouck A., Botti G., Lavazza A. & Marchandeau S. (2011). Characterisation of a non-pathogenic and non-protective infectious rabbit lagovirus related to RHDV. Virology , 410 , 395–402. • Liu S.J., Xue H.P., Pu B.Q. & Qian N.H. (1984). A new viral disease in rabbit. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med ., 16 , 253–255. • Poli A., Nigro M., Gallazzi D., Siroli G., Lavazza A. & Gelmetti D. (1991). Acute hepatosis in the European brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) in Italy. J. Wild. Dis ., 27 (4), 621–629. • Puggioni G., Cavadini P., Maestrale C., Scivoli R., Botti G., Ligios C., Le Gall-Reculé G., Lavazza A. & Capucci L. (2013). The new French 2010 rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus causes an RHD-like disease in the Sardinian Cape hare ( Lepus capensis mediterraneus ). Vet. Res ., 44 , 96. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-96. • Schirrmeier H., Reimann I., Kollner B. & GranzowH. (1999). Pathogenic, antigenic and molecular properties of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) isolated from vaccinated rabbits: detection and characterization of antigenic variants. Arch. Virol ., 144, 719–735. • Strive T., Wright J.D. & Robinson A.J. (2009). Identification and partial characterization of a new Lagovirus in Australian wild rabbits. Virology , 384 , 97–105. • Wirblich C., Meyers G., Ohlinger V.F., Capucci L., Eskens U., Haas B. & Thiel H.J. (1994). European brown hare syndrome virus: relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. J. Virol ., 68 , 5164–5173. • World Organisation for Animal Health (2018). Chapter 2.6.2. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (NB: Version adopted in May 2016). In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Eighth Edition. OIE, Paris. • World Organisation for Animal Health (2018). Chapter 13.2. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease. In: Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Twenty- seventh edition. OIE, Paris. v This article is sponsored by V-Tech Technical I Article